Planning for the 1950 Censuses of Population and Agriculture

The change from the z of “Student's” 1908 paper to the t of present day statistical theory and practice is traced and documented. It is shown that the change was brought about by the extension of “Student's” approach, by R.A. Fisher, to a broader class of problems, in response to a direct appeal from “Student” for a solution to one of these problems.     

An Improved Boxplot for Univariate Data

The boxplot is an effective data-visualization tool useful in diverse applications and disciplines. Although more sophisticated graphical methods exist, the boxplot remains relevant due to its simplicity, interpretability, and usefulness, even in the age of big data. This article highlights the origins and developments of the boxplot that is now widely viewed as an industry standard as well as its inherent limitations when dealing with data from skewed distributions, particularly when detecting outliers. The proposed Ratio-Skewed boxplot is shown to be practical and suitable for outlier labeling across several parametric distributions.     

Pooled Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data: A Survey of Current Statistical Methodology

A data base that provides a multivariate statistical history for each of a number of individual entities is called a pooled cross-sectional and time series data base in the econometrics literature. In marketing and survey literature the terms panel data or longitudinal data are often used. In management science a convenient term might be management data base. Such a data base provides a particularly rich environment for statistical analysis. This article reviews methods for estimating multivariate relationships particular to each individual entity and for summarizing these relationships for a number of individuals. Inference to a larger population when the data base is viewed as a sample is also considered.     

青年知识分子思想政治倾向的基本特征

青年知识分子思想政治倾向的基本特征主要表现在六个方面:一是青年知识分子作为思想活跃的一个社会群体,其思想政治倾向具有明显的时代性特征；二是青年知识分子随着年龄的不断增长、知识积累的不断完备及社会实践经验的不断丰富,其思想政治倾向也逐渐从不成熟到成熟、从不稳定到逐渐稳定,表现出鲜明的阶段性；三是成长、成熟于日益开放时代的青年知识分子,深受开放潮流的浸润,从而使其思想政治倾向具有明显的开放性特征；四是由于青年知识分子思想政治倾向形成时在主观上受着个人经历、认识水平和智能结构的限制,客观上又受历史时代、职业状况、经济状况、社会环境以及年龄等制约,因而必然表现出多样性特征；五是由于青年知识分子在生理上正处于青年时期,他们经常在日常生活中呈现出兴奋与苦闷、激动与烦恼、紧张与松懈等相互矛盾的心理状态,其思想政治倾向也由于个人人生得失、社会发展变革、重大社会事件和重要人物言行的影响而经常发生变动,因而具有鲜明的变动性特征；六是处于不稳定、不平衡状态之中的青年知识分子的思想政治倾向,可能向积极方向发展,也可能向消极方向发展。但是,思想政治倾向发展变化的方向是可以干预和引导的,即青年知识分子的思想政治倾向具有可塑性。     

我国社会保障基尼系数的讨论与估算

 内容提要：我国收入基尼系数的扩大已被大多数学者研究与认同，但基于收入“二次分配”的社会保障基尼系数的研究还十分欠缺。本文认为社会保障作为收入再分配的重要手段之一是对人均社会福利收入分配的补充与调整，在社会经济资源配置过程中起着重要作用。本文采用相对平均差的基尼系数方法对我国社会保障差异化程度进行离散型数据分析，发现我国社会保障基尼系数值较高，但总体上有缩小趋势；其中，主要表现在养老保险与其他社会保险项目发展的不平衡性与区域差异性，所以应进一步加强全民养老保险与医疗保险制度建设，促进工伤、失业保险制度的协同发展。建立全国统筹的社会保障制度，协调各社会保险项目的平衡发展关系对于缩小社会保险基尼系数有重要现实意义。     

西安市经济投资效能的势分析

以西安市1995—2008年的数据为基础,对西安市经济现状进行分析,并采用定量和定性研究相结合的方法,运用势分析模型对生产函数进行扩展,力求客观而准确地计算出经济增长要素即劳动力资本、固定资产投资、能源消费量、产业结构变动等的势效系数,进而分析各要素发挥的效能及全部要素投入的综合效能,预测各要素未来的发展趋势,探究提高各投入指标要素投资效能的方法及改变经济增长方式的思路和对策,提升西安市的可持续发展能力。     

陕西省工业产业结构的实证分析

研究产业结构的现状与变动有利于正确认识区域经济发展，对经济发展政策的制定起到积极的作用。用总产值、从业人数和总资产贡献率分析了陕西省工业产业结构及变动，同时对近10年来陕西省工业各行业的绩效进行了实证分析。结果表明，陕西省在煤炭开采和洗选业、文教体育用品制造业等行业有明显的比较优势。     

Asymptotic hypothesis test to simultaneously compare the weighted kappa coefficients of multiple binary diagnostic tests in the presence of ignorable missing data

The weighted kappa coefficient of a binary diagnostic test is a measure of the beyond-chance agreement between the diagnostic test and the gold standard, and is a measure that allows us to assess and compare the performance of binary diagnostic tests. In the presence of partial disease verification, the comparison of the weighted kappa coefficients of two or more binary diagnostic tests cannot be carried out ignoring the individuals with an unknown disease status, since the estimators obtained would be affected by verification bias. In this article, we propose a global hypothesis test based on the chi-square distribution to simultaneously compare the weighted kappa coefficients when in the presence of partial disease verification the missing data mechanism is ignorable. Simulation experiments have been carried out to study the type I error and the power of the global hypothesis test. The results have been applied to the diagnosis of coronary disease.     

Optimal Designs for Random Coefficient Regression Models with Heteroscedastic Errors

The purpose of this article is to present the optimal designs based on D-, G-, A-, I-, and D _β-optimality criteria for random coefficient regression (RCR) models with heteroscedastic errors. A sufficient condition for the heteroscedastic structure is given to make sure that the search of optimal designs can be confined at extreme settings of the design region when the criteria satisfy the assumption of the real valued monotone design criteria. Analytical solutions of D-, G-, A-, I-, and D _β-optimal designs for the RCR models are derived. Two examples are presented for random slope models with specific heteroscedastic errors.     

Mathematical forms of the distribution of the product of two normal variables

This paper finds the mathematical forms of the distribution of the product where x and x follow a bivariate normal distribution In this paper the distribution when PT0 is expressed as an integral, a new, fundamental result. From this general form, six different cases can be distinguished depending on what is known about the parameters and p. The special cases are Aroian $year:1959 and (6) Additionally, we prove that if and as the distribution of the product approaches the Type III distribution. When p=0# Aroian $year:1959 and Aroian and Meeker $year:1977, give tables for various values of 6., 6 . The results in this paper will be used to provide brief tables for p^O in a separate paper